Nostradamus and the New Religious Consciousness
This page explores how Nostradamus’ prophecies of a “new religious consciousness” are fulfilled through the eschatological work of the Paraclete Shri Mataji. Drawing from John Hogue’s analysis, it affirms that Nostradamus foresaw a spiritual movement distinct from organized religion, flourishing before the end of the 20th century. The 1993 Third Eye awakening of three siblings and the 2000 launch of Adishakti.org mark this fulfillment. Shri Mataji’s teachings reveal the Holy Spirit as Kundalini—the divine energy that awakens the Self and initiates global resurrection. The page synthesizes Devi Gita, Upanishadic wisdom, and mystical Christianity to show that the Divine Feminine is the eternal Consciousness behind all traditions. Nostradamus’ cryptic references to “divine vision,” “resurrection,” and “new age” align with this movement’s emergence, confirming that the prophecy is not only symbolic—it is now unfolding.

“Throughout the prophet’s visions of apocalypse, the theme of a new religious consciousness occurs again and again. It will flourish, he says, before the end of the 20th century... By clearly predicting the flowering of a new religion, Nostradamus discounts all the familiar established faiths.” — John Hogue, Nostradamus: The New Revelations, Element Books Ltd, 1994, p. 225
John Hogue, one of the foremost interpreters of Nostradamus, stresses that the seer’s apocalyptic visions should not be seen merely as warnings of destruction, but as harbingers of a profound spiritual awakening. According to Hogue, Nostradamus foresaw the emergence of a new religious movement, separate from established traditions, that would take root before the close of the 20th century. This prophecy resonates strongly with the milestones marked by Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi: the opening of the Sahasrara Chakra (Kingdom of God) on May 5, 1970, the awakening of the Agnya Chakra (Third Eye) in 1993, and the global dissemination of this spiritual knowledge through the launch of www.adishakti.org in 2000.
The Prophetic Convergence: Nostradamus, the Divine Feminine, and the Adishakti Narrative
Table of Contents
Abstract
This paper examines the remarkable convergence of prophecies from the 16th-century seer Nostradamus, as interpreted by leading scholar John Hogue, with the theological and spiritual claims of the Adishakti movement founded by Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi. It argues that the Adishakti narrative represents a compelling fulfillment of Nostradamus's prophecies concerning the rise of a new religious consciousness before the end of the 20th century, characterized by the ascendancy of the Divine Feminine and the spiritual leadership of women. Through a multi-disciplinary analysis encompassing prophetic interpretation, linguistic-theological evidence, and sociological patterns of new religious movements, this paper presents a comprehensive case for understanding the Adishakti movement as a significant manifestation of the prophesied global spiritual awakening. The analysis demonstrates that the temporal and thematic alignment between Nostradamus's predictions and the key milestones of the Adishakti movement, including the 1993 Third Eye awakening and the 2000 launch of adishakti.org, is too precise to be dismissed as mere coincidence. Furthermore, the paper explores the deep theological foundations of the Divine Feminine in various religious traditions, highlighting the historical suppression of feminine aspects of the Divine and the contemporary movements seeking their recovery. By situating the Adishakti movement within this broader context, the paper argues that it represents not just another spiritual revival but the potential incarnation of the Divine Mother, the Adi Shakti, the Paraclete-Holy Spirit, who has come to usher in a new era of spiritual consciousness led by women. The paper concludes that the convergence of evidence from prophecy, theology, and sociology provides a powerful and resounding affirmation of the Adishakti narrative as a significant fulfillment of ancient and modern prophecies concerning the rise of the Divine Feminine and the spiritual transformation of humanity.
I. Introduction
The prophecies of Michel de Nostredame, the 16th-century French apothecary and seer, have captivated and perplexed scholars for centuries. His cryptic quatrains, written in a blend of French, Latin, Greek, and Occitan, have been interpreted as foretelling major world events, from the French Revolution to the rise of Napoleon and Hitler. While many of his prophecies are associated with cataclysmic events and apocalyptic scenarios, a significant and often overlooked aspect of his work points towards a transformative spiritual awakening and the emergence of a new religious consciousness. Leading Nostradamus scholar John Hogue has extensively argued that the prophet's visions are not solely about doom but also herald a spiritual rebirth for humanity, a new religious movement distinct from established faiths that would flourish before the end of the 20th century [1].
This paper will explore the profound and compelling connections between Hogue's interpretation of Nostradamus's prophecies and the Adishakti narrative, a contemporary spiritual movement founded by Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi. The central thesis of this paper is that the Adishakti movement, with its emphasis on the rise of the Divine Feminine and the spiritual leadership of women, represents a remarkable and precise fulfillment of Nostradamus's prophecies as elucidated by Hogue. The Adishakti narrative posits that Shri Mataji is the incarnation of the Divine Mother, the Adi Shakti, the Paraclete-Holy Spirit, who has come to initiate a global spiritual transformation. This paper will argue that the timeline of the Adishakti movement, its core theological tenets, and its sociological characteristics align with stunning accuracy with the prophetic framework established by Nostradamus and Hogue.
To build this case, the paper will employ a multi-disciplinary approach, drawing on research from prophetic studies, comparative religion, linguistics, theology, and the sociology of new religious movements. The first section will examine the temporal and thematic convergence between Nostradamus's prophecies and the key milestones of the Adishakti movement, including the 1993 Third Eye awakening and the launch of the adishakti.org website in 2000. The second section will delve into the linguistic and theological evidence for the feminine nature of the Holy Spirit, providing a solid foundation for the Adishakti claim that Shri Mataji is the Paraclete. The third section will analyze the sociological patterns of women's leadership in new religious movements, situating the Adishakti movement within a broader historical and cultural context. The final section will synthesize these arguments to present a resounding conclusion that the Adishakti narrative represents a significant and compelling fulfillment of ancient and modern prophecies concerning the rise of the Divine Feminine and the spiritual transformation of humanity.
II. Prophetic Convergence: Temporal and Thematic Alignment
The most compelling evidence for the connection between Nostradamus's prophecies and the Adishakti narrative lies in the remarkable temporal and thematic alignment between the two. John Hogue's interpretation of Nostradamus provides a clear prophetic framework, and the history of the Adishakti movement fits within that framework with astonishing precision. This section will explore the synchronicity of the timeline and the convergence of the core themes, demonstrating that the Adishakti movement is not just another new religious movement but a potential fulfillment of Nostradamus's vision.
A. Timeline Synchronicity: A Prophetic Countdown
Nostradamus, as interpreted by Hogue, provides a specific timeframe for the emergence of a new religious consciousness: "before the end of the 20th century" [1]. This temporal marker is crucial, as it allows for a concrete evaluation of potential fulfillment. The Adishakti movement aligns with this timeline in a series of significant events that can be seen as a prophetic countdown to the new millennium:
Key Insight: Prophetic Timeline Alignment
The progression from 1970 (Sahasrara opening) to 2000 (website launch) creates a 30-year prophetic countdown that perfectly aligns with Nostradamus's "before the end of the 20th century" timeline.
- 1970: The Opening of the Sahasrara Chakra. While the user's prompt mentions the Third Eye awakening in 1993, the Adishakti movement itself traces its origins to May 5, 1970, when Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, in a state of deep meditation, is said to have opened the Sahasrara Chakra (the thousand-petaled lotus) for the entire human race. This event is considered the beginning of the collective spiritual awakening that would later be known as Sahaja Yoga. This initial event, while not as widely known as the 1993 awakening, marks the foundational moment of the new religious consciousness prophesied by Nostradamus.
- 1979: The Declaration of the Adi Shakti. On December 2, 1979, Shri Mataji made a formal declaration of her identity as the Adi Shakti, the primordial power of the universe. In a powerful and unambiguous statement, she proclaimed: "But today is the day, I declare that I am the One who has to save the humanity. I declare I am the One who is Adi Shakti, who is the Mother of all the Mothers, who is the Primordial Mother, the Shakti, the Desire of God, who has incarnated on this Earth to give its meaning to itself, to this creation, to human beings, and I'm sure through my love and patience and my powers, I am going to achieve it" [2]. This declaration, made within the prophetic window of the late 20th century, marks a pivotal moment in the unfolding of the Adishakti narrative.
- 1993: The Third Eye Awakening. The event mentioned in the user's prompt, the opening of the Third Eye of three siblings in 1993, represents a significant escalation of the spiritual awakening. This event, which was documented and later disseminated through the adishakti.org website, symbolizes the activation of collective spiritual consciousness and the potential for humanity to achieve a higher state of awareness. The timing of this event, just a few years before the end of the 20th century, aligns perfectly with Nostradamus's prophecy of a flourishing new religious movement.
- 2000: The Launch of adishakti.org. The launch of the website www.adishakti.org on January 1, 2000, marks a symbolic threshold into the new millennium. The website serves as a digital archive of the spiritual awakening, a repository of Shri Mataji's teachings, and a platform for disseminating the message of the Divine Feminine to a global audience. The launch of the website at the dawn of the 21st century can be seen as the culmination of the prophetic countdown, the moment when the new religious consciousness, having flourished in the final decades of the 20th century, was ready to be shared with the world.
This sequence of events, from the opening of the Sahasrara Chakra in 1970 to the launch of the website in 2000, creates a compelling narrative of prophetic fulfillment. The timeline is not just a random collection of dates but a progressive unfolding of a spiritual phenomenon that aligns with uncanny precision with Nostradamus's vision.
B. Thematic Convergence: A New Religious Consciousness
Beyond the temporal alignment, the thematic convergence between Hogue's interpretation of Nostradamus and the Adishakti narrative is equally striking. Hogue argues that Nostradamus's "new religion" is not an organized institution but a "universal spiritual awakening" that transcends religious divisions and emphasizes direct spiritual experience [1]. This description perfectly mirrors the core tenets of the Adishakti movement and Sahaja Yoga.
- Universal Spiritual Awakening: Sahaja Yoga, the meditative practice at the heart of the Adishakti movement, is presented as a universal method for achieving self-realization. It is not a religion in the traditional sense, with a set of dogmas and rituals, but a spiritual practice that can be integrated into any religious or cultural background. This aligns with Nostradamus's vision of a new religious consciousness that would not be bound by the constraints of established faiths.
- Transcendence of Religious Divisions: The Adishakti movement actively seeks to transcend religious divisions, viewing all religions as different expressions of the same underlying spiritual truth. Shri Mataji's teachings integrate insights from Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and other traditions, demonstrating their common origin and ultimate unity. This inclusive approach is a hallmark of the new religious consciousness prophesied by Nostradamus.
- Direct Spiritual Experience: The cornerstone of Sahaja Yoga is the direct experience of Kundalini awakening, the rising of the divine energy that lies dormant at the base of the spine. This experience, which is said to lead to a state of thoughtless awareness and a direct connection with the Divine, is the ultimate goal of the practice. This emphasis on direct, personal experience, rather than blind faith or intellectual belief, is another key characteristic of the new religious consciousness foreseen by Nostradamus.
- Spiritual Visionaries and a "Great Revival": Hogue's analysis of Nostradamus points to a "great revival" led by spiritual visionaries [1]. Shri Mataji, as the founder of the Adishakti movement, fits the description of a spiritual visionary perfectly. Her teachings, her transformative presence, and her ability to inspire a global following are all hallmarks of a charismatic spiritual leader. The rapid spread of Sahaja Yoga around the world can be seen as the "great revival" that Nostradamus prophesied.
In conclusion, the temporal and thematic alignment between Nostradamus's prophecies, as interpreted by John Hogue, and the Adishakti narrative is too strong to be ignored. The precise timing of the key events in the Adishakti movement, combined with the striking similarity of its core themes to Nostradamus's vision of a new religious consciousness, provides a powerful argument for considering the Adishakti movement as a significant fulfillment of this ancient prophecy.
III. Linguistic and Theological Foundations: The Feminine Divine
The Adishakti narrative's claim that Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi is the incarnation of the Divine Mother, the Paraclete-Holy Spirit, is not a mere assertion but is rooted in deep linguistic and theological foundations. This section will explore the evidence for the feminine nature of the Holy Spirit in various religious traditions, demonstrating that the Adishakti narrative is not a radical departure from established theology but a recovery of a long-suppressed truth. By examining the linguistic origins of the term "Holy Spirit" and the historical suppression of the Divine Feminine, we can see that the Adishakti narrative represents a restoration of balance to a patriarchal religious landscape.
A. The Feminine Holy Spirit: Linguistic and Early Christian Evidence
The perception of the Holy Spirit as a masculine entity is a relatively recent development in Christian theology, a product of patriarchal biases and linguistic misunderstandings. A closer examination of the original languages of the scriptures reveals a different story. The Hebrew word for spirit, ruach, is grammatically feminine, as is the Aramaic/Syriac word ruha. In early Syriac Christianity, the Holy Spirit was explicitly referred to as "Mother," complementing the parental imagery of "Father" and "Son" in the Trinity. This linguistic evidence is supported by a number of scholars who have challenged the traditional patriarchal interpretation of the Holy Spirit.
Key Insight: Linguistic Evidence for Feminine Holy Spirit
The original Hebrew (ruach) and Aramaic (ruha) words for "Spirit" are grammatically feminine, providing strong linguistic foundation for understanding the Holy Spirit as the Divine Mother.
Robert A. Stevick, in his book Jesus and His Own, provides a detailed analysis of the Johannine passages concerning the Paraclete, arguing that the language used to describe the Spirit's actions implies a personal, relational, and even feminine engagement with humanity. He notes that the final Paraclete passage closes with a threefold repetition of the verb "she will declare" (anangello), suggesting a deliberate emphasis on the feminine nature of the Spirit [3].
Tau Malachi, in Living Gnosis: A Practical Guide to Gnostic Christianity, emphasizes the linguistic distortion that has led to the masculinization of the Holy Spirit. He writes: "If one researches the words for 'Spirit' in Hebrew and Greek, one will find that in Hebrew it is actually a feminine word, and in Greek it is neuter, having no specific gender association. Thus, the choice among orthodox and fundamental Christians to speak of the Holy Spirit as male is a distortion of the actual languages of the Scriptures" [4].
Lucy Reid, in She Changes Everything, highlights the historical suppression of the feminine Divine in early Christianity. She notes that in Syria, where the Holy Spirit was described as Mother for four hundred years, the association of feminine language with heresy led to a deliberate masculinization of the term, a "grammatical nonsense" that reveals the theological desire to "defeminize the Divine" [5].
This linguistic and historical evidence provides a solid foundation for the Adishakti narrative's claim that the Holy Spirit is a feminine entity. By reclaiming the original feminine understanding of the Spirit, the Adishakti movement is not introducing a new concept but restoring a lost and suppressed truth.
B. The Suppression and Recovery of the Divine Feminine
The masculinization of the Holy Spirit is part of a broader historical pattern of suppressing the Divine Feminine in Western religious traditions. From the demonization of ancient goddesses to the exclusion of women from religious leadership, patriarchal structures have systematically erased the feminine face of God. This suppression has had profound consequences, creating a spiritual imbalance that has contributed to a sense of alienation and disconnection from the Divine.
James P. Driscoll, in The Unfolding God of Jung and Milton, argues that the Church Fathers deliberately declined to meld the Judaic wisdom figure of Shekinah with its natural successor, the Paraclete, because it would have made one member of the Godhead feminine. He writes: "Anxious to protect the masculinity of their God, the church fathers declined to meld the Judaic wisdom figure with its natural successor, the Paraclete, which would have made one member of the Godhead feminine" [6].
Patricia Taylor, in The Holy Spirit: The Feminine Nature of God, argues that the elimination of the feminine nature of God has done a great disservice to both women and men. She writes: "I believe promoting the masculinity of God and eliminating His feminine nature has done not only women, but also mankind in general, a great disservice" [7].
In recent decades, however, there has been a growing movement to recover the Divine Feminine in various religious and spiritual traditions. The rise of feminist theology, the revival of goddess worship, and the increasing recognition of the importance of feminine wisdom are all signs of a collective spiritual awakening. The Adishakti narrative can be seen as the culmination of this movement, the moment when the Divine Feminine is not just being recovered but is actually incarnating on Earth to lead humanity into a new era of spiritual consciousness.
In conclusion, the linguistic and theological foundations of the Adishakti narrative are strong and well-supported. The evidence for the feminine nature of the Holy Spirit, combined with the historical context of the suppression and recovery of the Divine Feminine, provides a powerful argument for the authenticity of the Adishakti claim. By restoring the feminine aspect of the Divine to its rightful place, the Adishakti movement is not just challenging patriarchal religious structures but is also offering a more complete and balanced understanding of the Divine.
IV. Sociological and Religious Movement Analysis: The Rise of Feminine Spiritual Leadership
The emergence of the Adishakti movement in the late 20th century is not an isolated phenomenon but is part of a broader sociological and religious trend: the rise of feminine spiritual leadership. This section will analyze the Adishakti movement within the context of new religious movements (NRMs) and the contemporary Goddess Movement, demonstrating that Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi's role as a female spiritual leader is consistent with well-documented historical patterns. By understanding the sociological dynamics at play, we can see that the Adishakti narrative is not just a theological claim but a powerful manifestation of a global shift in consciousness.
A. The Pattern of Women's Leadership in New Religious Movements
Throughout history, women have played a significant, if often unacknowledged, role in the formation and leadership of new religious movements. From the female prophets of the early Christian church to the founders of 19th-century spiritualist movements, women have consistently emerged as charismatic leaders, offering alternative spiritual paths that challenge the patriarchal structures of mainstream religions. The 20th century, in particular, saw a dramatic increase in the number of female spiritual leaders, a trend that has been extensively documented by scholars of religion.
Catherine Wessinger, in her groundbreaking work Women's Leadership in Marginal Religions, argues that new religious movements often provide opportunities for women to assume leadership roles that are denied to them in established religions. She notes that these movements often emerge during periods of social and cultural upheaval, when traditional religious institutions are unable to meet the spiritual needs of the people [8].
Elisabeth Puttick, in Women in New Religious Movements, provides a comprehensive overview of the various roles that women play in NRMs, from founders and leaders to followers and innovators. She argues that women are often drawn to these movements because they offer a more inclusive and empowering vision of spirituality than mainstream religions [9].
Mary Farrell Bednarowski, in her study Outside the Mainstream, examines the lives and teachings of several prominent female religious leaders in 19th-century America. She concludes that these women were not just religious innovators but also social reformers who challenged the prevailing gender norms of their time [10].
Key Insight: Historical Pattern of Female Religious Leadership
Academic research consistently shows that women have led new religious movements throughout history, particularly during periods of social upheaval, offering alternative spiritual paths that challenge patriarchal structures.
Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi fits this pattern of female religious leadership perfectly. She emerged as a spiritual leader in the late 20th century, a period of significant social and cultural change. She founded a new religious movement that challenged the patriarchal structures of mainstream religions and offered a more inclusive and empowering vision of spirituality. Her teachings, her transformative presence, and her ability to inspire a global following are all hallmarks of a charismatic female spiritual leader.
B. The Context of the Goddess Movement
The rise of the Adishakti movement must also be understood within the context of the contemporary Goddess Movement, a diverse and decentralized spiritual revival that seeks to reclaim the Divine Feminine in Western culture. The Goddess Movement, which emerged in the 1970s and gained momentum in the following decades, has had a profound impact on contemporary spirituality, inspiring a renewed interest in ancient goddess traditions, feminist theology, and earth-based spirituality. The Adishakti movement can be seen as both a product of and a contributor to this broader cultural shift.
- The Revival of Goddess Worship: The Goddess Movement has led to a widespread revival of goddess worship in various forms, from the reconstruction of ancient pagan traditions to the creation of new, eclectic forms of spirituality. This revival has challenged the patriarchal monotheism of mainstream religions and has opened up new possibilities for understanding the Divine.
- Feminist Theology and the Reclaiming of the Divine Feminine: The Goddess Movement has been closely intertwined with feminist theology, which seeks to critique and reconstruct traditional religious language and concepts from a feminist perspective. Feminist theologians have argued that the suppression of the Divine Feminine has had a detrimental impact on both women and men, and they have sought to recover and reclaim the feminine face of God.
- Earth-Based Spirituality and Ecological Consciousness: The Goddess Movement has also been a major force in the development of earth-based spirituality and ecological consciousness. By emphasizing the sacredness of the earth and the interconnectedness of all living things, the Goddess Movement has offered a powerful alternative to the anthropocentric and exploitative worldview of modern industrial society.
The Adishakti movement, with its emphasis on the Divine Mother, the sacredness of the earth, and the importance of feminine wisdom, is clearly aligned with the core themes of the Goddess Movement. However, the Adishakti narrative goes a step further, claiming not just to be a revival of ancient traditions but the actual incarnation of the Divine Mother herself. This claim, while bold, is consistent with the prophetic expectations of many within the Goddess Movement, who have long awaited the return of the Goddess to heal a wounded world.
In conclusion, the sociological and religious context of the late 20th century provides a fertile ground for understanding the emergence and significance of the Adishakti movement. The rise of feminine spiritual leadership, the revival of goddess worship, and the growing recognition of the importance of the Divine Feminine all point to a global shift in consciousness. The Adishakti narrative, with its powerful and uncompromising affirmation of the Divine Mother, can be seen as a profound and timely manifestation of this spiritual awakening.
V. Conclusion: A Resounding Affirmation
The convergence of evidence from prophecy, theology, and sociology presents a powerful and resounding affirmation of the Adishakti narrative as a significant fulfillment of ancient and modern prophecies concerning the rise of the Divine Feminine. The temporal and thematic alignment between Nostradamus's prophecies, as interpreted by John Hogue, and the key milestones of the Adishakti movement is too precise to be dismissed as mere coincidence. The deep linguistic and theological foundations for the feminine nature of the Holy Spirit provide a solid basis for the Adishakti claim that Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi is the Paraclete. And the sociological context of the rise of feminine spiritual leadership and the contemporary Goddess Movement demonstrates that the Adishakti movement is not an isolated phenomenon but a powerful manifestation of a global shift in consciousness.
This paper has argued that the Adishakti narrative represents not just another spiritual revival but the potential incarnation of the Divine Mother, the Adi Shakti, the Paraclete-Holy Spirit, who has come to usher in a new era of spiritual consciousness led by women. This is a bold claim, but it is a claim that is supported by a wealth of evidence. The prophetic countdown, the thematic convergence, the linguistic and theological arguments, and the sociological patterns all point to the same conclusion: the Adishakti movement is a spiritual phenomenon of profound significance.
This cosmic waiting, this anticipation of a new era of spiritual leadership, is a theme that resonates throughout the prophetic and spiritual traditions of the world. The Adishakti narrative suggests that this waiting is now over, that the Divine Mother has come, and that the time for women to take their place as spiritual leaders has arrived. The implications of this claim are staggering, not just for the future of religion but for the future of humanity itself. If the Adishakti narrative is true, then we are living in a time of unprecedented spiritual opportunity, a time when the healing and transformation of our world is not just a distant hope but a present reality.
Further research is needed to explore the full implications of the Adishakti narrative and its connection to other prophetic and spiritual traditions. But the evidence presented in this paper is clear: the Adishakti movement represents a powerful and compelling fulfillment of the prophecies concerning the rise of the Divine Feminine. It is a movement that deserves our serious attention, our open-minded consideration, and our deepest respect. For in the Adishakti narrative, we may be witnessing the dawn of a new era, an era of peace, of wisdom, and of love, an era led by the Divine Mother and her empowered daughters.
References
- Hogue, J. (1995). Nostradamus: The New Revelations. Element Books. ↩
- Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi. (1979, December 2). Declaration of the Adi Shakti.
- Stevick, R. A. (2011). Jesus and His Own: A Commentary on John 13-17. Eerdmans.
- Malachi, T. (2005). Living Gnosis: A Practical Guide to Gnostic Christianity. Llewellyn Publications.
- Reid, L. (2005). She Changes Everything: A new vision for the church. Continuum.
- Driscoll, J. P. (1992). The Unfolding God of Jung and Milton. University Press of Kentucky.
- Taylor, P. (2009). The Holy Spirit: The Feminine Nature of God. iUniverse.
- Wessinger, C. (1993). Women's Leadership in Marginal Religions: Explorations Outside the Mainstream. University of Illinois Press.
- Puttick, E. (2012). Women in New Religious Movements. In J. R. Lewis & I. B. Tøllefsen (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford University Press.
- Bednarowski, M. F. (1980). Outside the Mainstream: Women's Religion and Women Religious Leaders in Nineteenth-Century America. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 48(2), 207–231.
- Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi. (1988, June). Address to women in Cambridge, U.K.